References
1 Akobo Dr, former Petroleum Minister of Nigeria, 199; during an
interview for the 'Drilling Fields' a Catma Films production for Channel 4,
January
2 Othman Shehu, oil analyst, 1994; during an interview for the television
documentary The Drilling Fields, Catma Films, made for Channel 4, January
3 Niboro I, 1993, Death on a Sea of Oil, The African Guardian, 4
October, pp14; quoting a popular Ogoni song
4 The Shell Review, SIPC, July 1993, pp57
5 Chief Dr Dappa-Biriye H J R, Chief Briggs R R, Chief Dr Idoniboye-
Obu B, Professor Fubara D M J, 1992, The Endangered Environment of the
Niger Delta _ Constraints and Strategies, an NGO Memorandum of the
Rivers Chiefs and Peoples Conference, for the World Conference of
Indigenous Peoples on Environment and Development and the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, pp11
6 Chief Dr Dappa-Biriye H J R, Chief Briggs, R R, Chief Dr Idoniboye-
Obu B, Professor Fubara D M J, 1992, The Endangered Environment of the
Niger Delta _ Constraints and Strategies, an NGO Memorandum of the
Rivers Chiefs and Peoples Conference, for the World Conference on
Indigenous Peoples on Environment and Development and the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, pp16
7 Chief Dr Dappa-Biriye H J R, Chief Briggs, R R, Chief Dr Idoniboye-
Obu B, Professor Fubara D M J, 1992, The Endangered Environment of the
Niger Delta _ Constraints and Strategies, an NGO Memorandum of the
Rivers Chiefs and Peoples Conference, for the World Conference on
Indigenous Peoples on Environment and Development and the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, pp6
8 Saro-Wiwa K, 1992, Genocide in Nigeria _ The Ogoni Tragedy, Saros
International, London, Lagos, Port Harcourt, pp11-13
9 The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company plc, 1992, Annual Report
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10 Moiulor T, 1993, Govt Earns N63 Billion, The African Guardian, Lagos,
8 August
11 UNPO press release, 1994, Mass Arrests of Ogoni as Nigerian Troops
Ransack Villages, 31 May
12 Amnesty International, Urgent Action: Extrajudicial executions/Fear for
safety, 27 June 1994
13 Amnesty International, Urgent Action: Prisoner of conscience/Legal
concern, 24 May 1994
14 Amnesty International, Urgent Action: Extrajudicial executions/Fear for
safety, 27 June 1994
15 Leton G, 1992, Critical Eye: The Heat of the Moment, Channel 4, 8
October
16 Chief Dr Dappa-Biriye H J R, Chief Briggs R R, Chief Dr Idoniboye-
Obu B, Professor Fubara D M J, 1992, The Endangered Environment f the
Niger Delta - Constraints and Strategies, an NGO Memorandum of the Rivers
Chiefs and Peoples Conference, for the World Conference of Indigenous
Peoples on Environment and Development and the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, pp51
17 Bishop K, 1994, Where Trouble Flares, UK Guardian, 27 May, pp14/15
18 Operations in Nigeria, 1994, a Shell Briefing Note, Shell International
Petroleum Company Limited, May
19 Ake, Professor Claude, UN World Commission on Development and
Culture, in an interview for the Channel 4 documentary, The Drilling Fields,
Catma Films, 23 May 1994
20 Operation Order No.4/94 Restoration of Law and Order in Ogoni Land;
issued by the Commissioner of Police, Directorate of Operations/TRG, State
Headquarters, Port Harcourt, 21 April 1994
21 Tookey R W, 1992, letter to Shelley Braithwaite, London Rainforest
Action Group, Shell International Petroleum Company Limited
22 Royal Dutch/Shell, 1993, The Shell Review, July, pp20
23 Saro-Wiwa K, 1992, Statement of the Ogoni People to the Tenth
Session of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations, Palais des
Nations, Geneva, 28 July
24 Tookey R W, 1992, letter to Shelley Braithwaite, London Rainforest
Action Group, Shell International Petroleum Company Limited, 9 December
25 Chief Dr Dappa-Biriye H J R, Chief Briggs R R, Chief Dr Idoniboye-
Obu B, Professor Fubara D M J, 1992, The Endangered Environment of the
Niger Delta _ Constraints and Strategies, an NGO Memorandum of the
Rivers Chiefs and Peoples Conference, for the World Conference of
Indigenous Peoples on Environment and Development and the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, pp2
26 Saro-Wiwa K, 1992, Shell in Ogoni and the Niger Delta, Emiroaf, 8
December
27 Nigeria and Shell: partners in progress, SPDC publication, 1993
28 Saro-Wiwa K, 1992, Genocide in Nigeria _ The Ogoni Tragedy, Saros
International, London, Port Harcourt, Lagos, pp81
29 Tookey R W, 1992, letter to Shelley Braithwaite, London Rainforest
Action Group, Shell International Petroleum Company Limited, 9 December
30 Saro-Wiwa K, 1992, Shell in Ogoni and the Niger Delta, Emiroaf, 8
December
31 Ryder A, 1992, The Last of the Line, Shell UK Review, No.2, pp9
32 Shell, 1992, Shell and the Environment, SIPC, London, pp5
33 Nigeria and Shell: partners in progress, SPDC publication
34 Sir Uhor A, 1992, Communities Groan Under Oil Pollution, Daily
Sunray, 16 September
35 Chief Dr Dappa-Biriye H J R, Chief Briggs R R, Chief Dr Idoniboye-
Obu B, Professor Fubara D M J, 1992, The Endangered Environment of the
Niger Delta _ Constraints and Strategies, an NGO Memorandum of the
Rivers Chiefs and Peoples Conference, for the World Conference of
Indigenous Peoples on Environment and Development and the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, pp51
& Appendix 4-B
36 Awhelebe Sir Ube & Nkereuwem Akpa, 1993, Forty Day Oil Spill
Devastates Community, Daily Sunray, 29 July; Chris McGreal of the UK
Guardian and Karl Maier from the Independent on Sunday visited the site on
7 August with a representative from MOSOP. Chris McGreal's article was
printed on 11 August 'Spilt Oil Brews up a Political Storm' and Karl Maier's
article was printed on 15 August 'Oil Spillage Fuels Nigerian Rivalries
37 Oil Spill Intelligence Report, 1992, Custom Oil Spill Data _ Shell's Ten
Year Spill Record, Cutter Information Corporation, Arlington. (Cutter
Information Corporation is an independent research company and bears no
responsibility for the way in which its data are used)
38 Oil Spill Intelligence Report, 1992, Custom Oil Spill Data _ Shell's Ten
Year Spill Record, Cutter Information, Corporation, Arlington. Shell recorded
67 spills 10,000 gallons from 1982 to 1992. Of those 67 spills, 27 occurred in
Nigeria, therefore, this equates to 40%. (Cutter Information Corporation is an
independent research company and bears no responsibility for the way in
which its data are used)
39 Shell, 1994, Operations in Nigeria, Shell Briefing Note, SIPC, May
40 Ake, Professor Claude, UN World Commission on Development and
Culture, 1994, in an interview for The Drilling Fields, Catma Films,
41 Oyekan A J, 1991, The Nigerian Experience in Health, Safety and
Environmental Matters During Oil and Gas Exploration and Production
Operations, Ministry of Petroleum, First International Conference on Health,
Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, the
Hague, the Netherlands, Vol.2, pp74
42 Oil Spill Intelligence Report, 1992, Custom Oil Spill Data _ Shell's Ten
Year Spill Record, Cutter Information Corporation, Arlington. (Cutter
Information Corporation is an independent research company and bears no
responsibility for the way in which its data are used)
43 Chief Dr Dappa-Biriye H J R, Chief Briggs R R, Chief Dr Idoniboye-
Obu B, Professor Fubara D M J, 1992, The Endangered Environment of the
Niger Delta _ Constraints and Strategies, an NGO Memorandum of the
Rivers Chiefs and Peoples Conference, for the World Conference of
Indigenous Peoples on Environment and Development and the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro,
Appendix 4-D
44 Chief Dr Dappa-Biriye H J R, Chief Briggs R R, Chief Dr Idoniboye-
Obu B, Professor Fubara D M J, 1992, The Endangered Environment of the
Niger Delta _ Constraints and Strategies, an NGO Memorandum of the
Rivers Chiefs and Peoples Conference, for the World Conference of
Indigenous Peoples on the Environment and Development and the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, pp59-
60
45 Noble K B, 1993, Atop a Sea of Oil, Nothing but Misery, The New York
Times International, 9 September, ppA4
46 Braithwaite S, EarthArc, 1993, eyewitness account after site visit,
January
47 Daily Sunray, 1993, Pupils Saved From Flood, 16 August, pp18
48 Brooks G, 1994, Slick Alliance _ Shell's Nigerian Fields Produce Few
Benefits For Region's Villagers, The Wall Street Journal, 6 May
49 Nigeria and Shell: partners in progress, SPDC publication
50 Shell, no date, Support for Community Efforts, in Shell and the
Environment
51 Chief Dr Dappa-Biriye H J R, Chief Briggs R R, Chief Dr Idoniboye-
Obu B, Professor Fubara D M J, 1992, The Endangered Environment of the
Niger Delta _ Constraints and Strategies, an NGO Memorandum of the
Rivers Chiefs and Peoples Conference, for the World Conference of
Indigenous Peoples on Environment and Development of the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, pp51
52 Saro-Wiwa K, 1992, Shell in Ogoni and the Niger Delta, Emiroaf, 8
December
53 Tookey R W, 1992, letter to Shelley Braithwaite, London Rainforest
Action Group, Shell International Petroleum Company Limited, 9 December
54 Saro-Wiwa K, 1992, Shell in Ogoni and the Niger Delta, Emiroaf, 8
December
55 African Concord, 1990, Oloibiri: In Limbo, 3 December, pp29
56 Brak A J C, Group Public Affairs Co-ordinator, SIPC, London, in a
letter to Paul Gilding, Executive Director of Greenpeace International, 1
August 1993
57 Williams D, Regional Liaison, SIPC, London, in a letter to Dr van Walt
van Praag, General Secretary of UNPO, 28 May 1993; Tensions in Nigeria,
Shell Briefing Note, SIPC, London, 1993; whereby, on finding that the oil
revenue of 1.5% was not reaching the communities, and in the face of
growing discontent, SPDC made frequent representations to the Nigerian
government, one of which was to double the special fund for the development
of oil from 1.5% to 3%
58 Shell, 1992, 'The Heat of the Moment'. Shell International, London
59 Chief Dr Dappa-Biriye H J R, Chief Briggs R R, Chief Idoniboye-Obu B,
Professor Fubara D M J, 1992, The Endangered Environment of the Niger
Delta _ Constraints and Strategies, an NGO Memorandum of the Rivers
Chiefs and Peoples Conference, for the World Conference of Indigenous
Peoples on Environment and Development and the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Appendix 4D
60 Hon Justice Inko-Tariah O, Chief Ahaiakwo J A, Alamina BA, Chief
Godwin Amadi, 1990, Commission of Inquiry to the Causes and
Circumstances of the Disturbances that Occurred at Umuechem in the Etche
Local Government Area of Rivers State in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
61 Charter of Demands, Chiefs of Ogbia, November 1992; and K Bishop,
personal communication
62 Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) file, 1992,
August
63 Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) file, 1992,
64 Brown P, 1992, 80 Nigerians killed in Shell oil protest, The Guardian, 9
October
65 Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) file, 1992, 2
March
66 Okeleke A, 1993, African Concord, after site visit, June
67 National Concord, 1992, 31 July
68 Tookey R, 1993, letter to a member of the public concerning Shell's
operations in Nigeria, 11 June
69 Ivens M, 1993, The Misery of Black Gold, The Times, 1 December,
pp38, quoting Ken Saro-wiwa
70 Bakwuye C, 1993, Ogonis Protest over Oil Revenue, Daily Sunray, 6
January, pp1 & pp20
71 Udofia J R, 1990, letter entitled 'Threat of Disruption of our Operations
at Umuechem by Members of Umuechem Community to Commissioner of
Police, Port Harcourt, Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria
Limited, Port Harcourt
72 Hon Justice Inko-Tariah O, Chief Ahaiakwo J A, Alamina B A, Chief
Godwin Amadi, 1990, Commission of Inquiry into the Causes and
Circumstances of the Disturbances that Occurred at Umuechem in the Etche
Local Government Area of Rivers State in the Federal Republic of Nigeria
73 Tookey R, 1993, letter to a member of the public concerning Shell's
operations in Nigeria, 11 June
74 Brooks G, 1994, Slick Alliance - Shell's Nigerian Fields Produce Few
Benefits For Region's Villagers, The Wall Street Journal, 6 May
75 African Concord, 1992, On the War Path, 24 August, pp19
76 UNPO, 1993, Developments in Ogoni, Nigeria, 26 July
77 Saro-Wiwa K, 1994; during an interview for the television documentary
The Drilling Fields, Catma Films, made for Channel 4, January
78 UNPO, 1993, Developments in Ogoni, Nigeria, 26 July
79 Korgbara K, 1994; during an interview for the television documentary
The Drilling Fields, Catma Films, made for Channel 4, January
80 UNPO, 1993, Developments in Ogoni, Nigeria, 26 July
81 Imomah E U, 1993, SPDC, General Manager; in a letter to Chief Rufus
Ada George, Executive Governor of Rivers State, Port Harcourt, 30 October
82 UNPO press release, 1993, Ogoni Activist Harassed by Nigerian
Government, May
83 UNPO press release, 1993, Saro-Wiwa Falls Unconscious After
Interrogation, 19 July
84 UNPO, 1993, Developments in Ogoni, January - July 1993, Nigeria,
Office of the General Secretary, The Hague, 26 July
85 Amnesty International, Urgent Action, 1994: Fear of extrajudicial
execution/death penalty, 4 May
86 SPDC, 1993; letter from the General Manager to Chief Rufus Ada
George, Executive Governor of Rivers State, Port Harcourt, 25 October
87 SPDC, 1993; letter from the General Manager to Chief Rufus Ada
George, Executive Governor of Rivers State, Port Harcourt, 26 October
88 MOSOP press release, 1993, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 27 October
89 UNPO press release, 1994, Nigerian military massacre Ogoni, 14 June
90 UNPO, 1994, Urgent Update, 6 April
91 Dought O N, 1994, Legal Secretary EDO/DELTA, Civil Liberties
Organisation, 29 June; statement made by Ledum Mitee to his three visitors
92 Dought O N, 1994, Legal Secretary EDO/DELTA, Civil Liberties
Organisation, 29 June; one of the civilians subjected to police brutality during
a visit to Ledum Mitee, and present in the van during Major Okutimo's
statement
93 UNPO, 1993, Developments in Ogoni, January - July 1993, Nigeria,
Office of the General Secretary, The Hague, 26 July
94 SPDC, 1993, Meeting at Central Offices on Community Relations and
the Environment (15th/16th February in London, 18th February in The
Hague), draft minutes
95 Referring to a British televisions documentary, Critical Eye: The Heat
of the Moment, Channel Four, 8 October, 1992
96 SPDC, 1993, Meeting at Central Offices on Community Relations and
the Environment (15th/16th February in London, 18th February in The
Hague), draft minutes
97 SIPC, 1993, Tensions in Nigeria, a Shell Briefing Note
98 Brak A J C, 1993, letter to Paul Gilding, Executive Director of
Greenpeace International, Group Public Affairs Co-ordinator, SIPC, 4 August
99 The Body Shop International plc commissioned Environmental
Resources Management to undertake a critique of SPDC's Environmental
Impact Assessments, 31 March 1994
100 MacIntyre D, 1994, Environmental Resources Management;
commissioned by The Body Shop International to undertake a critique of
SPDC's Environmental Impact Assessments, 31 March, pp4
101 MacIntyre D, 1994, Environmental Resources Management;
commissioned by The Body Shop International to undertake a critique of
SPDC's Environmental Impact Assessments, 31 March, pp5
102 McGreal C, 1993, Spilt Oil Brews up a Political Storm, the Guardian,
11 August; Braithwaite S, 1993, Earth Action Resource Centre, personal
communication, 5 October
103 Obot E A, Chinda A, Braid S, 1992, Vegetation Recovery and
Herbaceous Production in a Freshwater Wetland 19 Years After a Major Oil
Spill, African Journal of Ecology, Vol.30, pp149-156
104 Nickson E, 1993, letter to Shelley Braithwaite, Earth Action Resource
Centre, London, SIPC, London, 9 September
105 Braithwaite S, 1993, personal communication after sight visit
106 Kamalu, Dr Olua O, 1994; during an interview for the television
documentary The Drilling Fields, Catma Films, made for Channel 4, January
107 McGreal C, 1993, Spilt Oil Brews up a Political Storm, the Guardian,
11 August
108 SIPC, 1994, 'Operations in Nigeria'; a Shell Briefing Note, May
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