Contents
SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS
2.1 The Chemicals
2.2 Identification
3. ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Transport and Distribution
of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in the Environment
3.2 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
in the Food Web
4. HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS
4.1 Pesticide Residues in Food
and Drinking Water
4.2 Food Packaging and Processing
4.3 PVC Toys
5. EXPOSURE OF THE DEVELOPING YOUNG TO ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING
CHEMICALS
5.1 Exposure in the Womb
5.2 Exposure of the Nursing Young
6. LEVELS OF ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS IN THE
GENERAL POPULATION
7. HOW ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS CAUSE HEALTH
EFFECTS
7.1 Hormones in the Body - The
Endocrine System
7.2 Hormones Which Are Affected
by Endocrine Disrupters
7.3 How Endocrine Disrupters
Work
7.4 Is endocrine-disruption feasible
at current environmental levels of chemicals?
8. HEALTH EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS
8.1 The Vulnerable Foetus and
Young
9. MALE REPRODUCTION
9.1 Increasing Reproductive Disorders
in Men
9.2 Possible Causes of the Increasing
Incidence of Male Reproductive Disorders
9.3 Laboratory Studies
9.4 Wildlife Studies
10. FEMALE REPRODUCTION
10.1 Developmental Effects
10.2 Effects in Adult Women
10.3 Wildlife Studies
11. SEX RATIO
12. EFFECTS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
12.1 Development of the Nervous
System
12.2 Effects of PCBs and Dioxins
on the Human Nervous System
12.3 Possible Consequences of
Effects on the Nervous System
13. IMMUNE SYSTEM
13.1 Effect of Endocrine-Disrupters
on Immune System Development
13.2 Human Studies
13.3 Wildlife Studies
14. PHYTOESTROGENS: NATURALLY OCCURRING CHEMICALS
IN PLANTS WHICH AFFECT HORMONE SYSTEMS
15. PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE
15.1 Regulation
15.2 The Way Forward
15.3 Conclusions
Table 1: KNOWN AND SUSPECTED ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS AND THEIR USES
Table 2: Compounds that may have the potential to cause adverse effects
through the Ah receptor mediated mechanism of action
REFERENCES